The principles of conservation agriculture conservation agriculture takes advantage of natural ecological processes to conserve moisture, enhance soil fertility, and improve soil structure, and to reduce soil erosion and the presence of diseases and pests. Soil erosion is the most dangerous ecological process observed in ethiopia, degrading. Review soil conservation, water resources and utilization. In addition to improving soil fertility, water harvesting, enhancing the soil water retention capacity and reducing soil erosion are measures that could significantly improve agricultural productivity in rainfed marginal environments. For africa, agriculture contributes significantly to the formal economy and employment that is about 70 %.
Nigeria, with a population of about 150 million, is the most populous country in ssa. Soil erosion is a major problem affecting some states in nigeria. Soil organic carbon changes after seven years of conservation agriculture in a ricewheat system of the eastern indo. At this soil interval, ridge tillage system recorded the highest soil moisture from january through december. Introduction it is very important to note that each time environmental issues are mentioned in nigeria, the oil and gas industry readily comes to mind. Adopted engineering and agronomic conservation measures. Nigeria in 1973 and the results are published in shifting cultivation and soil conservation in africa soils bulletin no. Federal environmental protection agency act chapter 1, laws of the federation. Conservation council, which is empowered to address soil, water, forestry, fisheries and wildlife conservation by formulating and implementing policies, programmes and projects on conservation of the countrys natural resources. The conservation of soil implies utilisation without waste so as to make possible a continuous high level of crop production while improving environmental quality.
The country has a total land area of 923,786 km2 with a population of about 180 million people, currently less than 10% of the total land area is classified as forest. Some of this material is derived from internal regional council manuals and. It also acquaints users of soil taxonomy with recent changes in the classification system. The district employs a skilled receptionist or information specialist to assist customers in a timely courteous manner. Climate and the need to retain or discharge the runoff. Conservation is the planning and management of natural resources in order to secure their wise use and continuity of supply while maintaining and enhancing their quality, value and diversity. Soil and water conservation 265 life on this planet, as the so il is an essential resource to suppor t plants for producing food, and to provide shelter to insects and animals. Effect of hedgerow species in alley cropping systems on surface soil physical properties of an oxic paleustalf in southwestern nigeria volume 114 issue 3 n. Smallscale surface mining could transform nigeria s landscape into a network of active and abandoned mining pits. Bn 2546302 with over 15,000 plus of research topics and materials sorted by departments. Put the horizons together, and they form a soil profile.
The book covers required lecture notes in courses such as principles. The permitting process for erosion control in delta county is done by the delta conservation district, 6822 us highway 2 41 m35, gladstone, mi, 48937. This paper deals with the present statusstate of nigeria s soil and the challenges of soil management in the country. State soil conservation board the state soil conservation board was established by ic 1432 and sets policy governing the activities of districts and the division of soil conservation. Guidelines for development agents on soil and water conservation in ethiopia this introductory chapter describes the aim of this book and how it can be used in the field when you carry out soil and water conservation. Evaluation of the effect of increasing the quantity of maize residues in the soil cover on the runoff flow, the runoff velocity and the total soil losses 88 20. Impacts on human health over 200 years of industrialisation have caused soil contamination to be a widespread problem in europe. Makumbib a contributing authors for tanzania case study. The poverty is caused partly by inadequate water availability and deteriorating soil conditions. This paper deals with the present statusstate of nigerias soil and the challenges of soil management in the country. Soil physical conditions in nigerian savannas and biomass production 365 the savannas of nigeria and agricultural production nigeria is located in the tropical zone between latitude 4o and 14on, and longitude 2oe, with a vast area having savanna vegetation figure 1. Variation in soil moisture at 0 15 cm soil depth interval among tillage syst ems variation in soil moisture within the soil depth interval of 0 15 cm among the three tillage system is reflected in figure 5 see also table a1.
It consists of nine members six of whom are freeholders appointed by the governor four with agricultural interests and two with nonagricultural interests. Soil degradation is a narrower term, and one form of land degradation, for declining soil quality, encompassing the deterioration in physical, chemical and biological attributes of the soil 11. In 1975, the soil conservation service, usda, in massachusetts published the first edition of the guidelines for soil and water conservation in urbanizing areas of massachusetts. Soil science is a science that deals with the manipulation and betterment of soil conditions for the growth of plants. Past and present onstation and onfarm initiatives by junge et al. The need to conserve representative samples of natural vegetation was recognized in nigeria over thirty years ago. Soil conservation, water resources and utilization for sustainable agricultural development in nigeria iheanocho clark junior national centre for agricultural mechanization, p. Opinions formulated by the author are intended for educational purposes. Estimating soil productivity loss due to erosion in uruguay in terms of beef and wool production on natural pastures. Abstract the main objective of this study was to determine the attitude of farmers towards erosion and the adoption of appropriate soil conservation technologies scts. Problems of wild fauna conservation in nigeria the national parks in nigeria are among the f ew remaining place s in the country where natural ecos ystems for.
Soil conservation technique is the application of processes to the solution of soil management problems. Effect of the annual crop type on soil losses by erosion. The concepts of conservation and preservation of natural resources are relatively new. World congress of soil science, to be held on jeju island, korea in june 2014. Soil degradation is a serious global environmental problem and may be exacerbated by climate change. The book fundamentals of soil science covers the agricultural field of soil science. Helping north coast landholders reduce soil erosion. Slm 306 soil erosion and conservation 68 assignment file there are many assignments in this course and you are expected to do all of them. Igwe ca 1998 land use and soil conservation strategies for potentially high erodible soils of centraleastern nigeria. Soil and water conservation engineering asep sapei edisi 2006 i kata pengantar buku ini merupakan kumpulan dari bahan transparansi kuliah soil and. Soil is the uppermost layer of earths crust, which supports growth of plants. It is a complex mixture of i mineral particles formed from rocks, ii. For the survey, farmers were selected from the communities esa oke, elwure and owodeede and akoda in osun state in nigeria.
Dig down deep into any soil, and youll see that it is made of layers, or horizons o, a, e, b, c, r. Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. The journal of agricultural education and extension. Although the grass grows in nigeria, its potential for soil and water conservation and improved crop yield has not been realized, let alone quantified. Farmers preference for soil and water conservation practices in nigeria. Nature provided people with resources to build homes and clothe and feed themselves. The contribution of soil and water conservation to. The reason for this is that the oil and gas industry in nigeria accounts for about 90%. The use of vetiver grass vetiveria zizanioides has offered such prospects in a wide range of climatic environments. Soil deterioration reduce soil fertility the loss of soil topsoil. Pdf farmers preference for soil and water conservation. Status of nigeria s soil according to agboola 1986, nigerian soils are generally light.
Africa nigeria the world factbook central intelligence. Use of vetiver grass for soil and water conservation in. Manual on integrated soil management and conservation. In conservation agriculture, this is minimized by planting the right mix of crops in the same field, and rotating crops from season to season. Manual on integrated soil management and conservation practices ix page 19.
A soil is a threedimensional natural body in the same sense that a hill, valley, or mountain has three dimensions. Nigeria final report of the land degradation neutrality. Overburden overburden, or the vegetation and soil that are removed to access bitumen below the surface, must be removed and stored properly. International institute of tropical agriculture, ibadan, nigeria. Effect of tillage operations on soil moisture contents in the. It provides the taxonomic keys necessary for the classification of soils in a form that can be used easily in the field. Land degradation, soil erosion and soil conservation pmf ias. The world factbook countrylocation locator map modal.
Soil conservation, therefore, includes the reclamation of mined land and quarry sites. Ogunkunle2 1 department of agronomy, university of ilorin, ilorin, nigeria 2 department of agronomy, university of ibadan, ibadan, nigeria corresponding author, email. Status and challenges of soil management in nigeria. Failure to do so means the soil may lose productivity. Environmental policies and strategies in nigeria oil and gas. Like a biography, each profile tells a story about the life of a soil.
Environmental policies and strategies in nigeria oil and. Status of nigerias soil according to agboola 1986, nigerian soils are generally light. Information has been gathered from individual knowledge and personal notes along with past often unpublished, or scarce copies of, printed material. Nigerian journal of basic and applied science june, 2012, 202. Historic events when the europeans settled in north america in the 1600s, natural resources were plentiful. Today these techniques of soil and water conservation are being prac ticed in many countries with much benefit to great numbers of people. Opencast tin mining on the jos plateau has produced pits and mine tailings which despoil the land scape. For example, the american farmland trust claims that it has helped to protect more than one million acres of americas best farm and ranch land.
Introduction the loss of soil from land surfaces by erosion is widespread globally and. Analytic hierarchic process approach article pdf available september 2018 with 77 reads how we measure reads. For better and proper crop yield, good soil conditions are necessary. The purpose of this soils bulletin is to summarize the soil erosion problem and to focus attention on remedial. The world requirement of food is fulfilled by agriculture. Tuttle, national landscape architect for the usda, natural resources conservation service nrcs, and gene highfill, national agricultural engineer retired, nrcs, washington, dc. Coastal environmental protection is also a vital subset of land resources management, because nigeria occupies 800 km of the equatorial atlantic seaboard. There are a few types of earth change activities that do not require permits. Estimating soil productivity loss due to erosion in uruguay. Fundamental concepts scoop on soil educational cd may 2006 nrcs helping people help the land figure 1. The impact of indigenous soil and water conservation practices on soil productivity. The major problems include habitat degradation through uncontrolled logging, agricultural projects, industrial plantations, highway and urban development, and exploitation for fuelwood, over.
The contribution of soil and water conservation to sustainable livelihoods in semiarid areas of subsaharan africa edited by charlotte boyd and cathryn turton with n. Soil profile there are different types of soil, each with its own set of characteristics. Nigeria erosion and watershed management project newmap is a world bank assisted project aimed at addressing the nigerian gully erosion crisis in southeastern nigeria and land degradation in northern nigeria on a multidimensional scale. Soil conservation stores more of the runoff from excess rainfall in the reservoir of the soil for subsequent crop use. Rattan lal associate professor, soil science environment. Conservation and use of natural resources biology 189 notes module 4 environment and 26.
Private trusts and non profit organizations play an important role in land conservation. Based on recent consideration of environmental and soil quality, soil conservation indicates environmental issues such as mitigation of gas emission from the soil under forest or agricultural practices into. Project topics and materials pdf free download 2020. Before 1950 only two conservation areas had been laid down but at present there are seven in operation. The information contained in this case study is to be used only as a case study example for teaching purposes.
Soil conservation on agricultural lands guarantees sustainable productivity of the soil badajo and togun,2001. Were the worlds breadbasket, said rattan lal, a soil science professor at ohio state university and the incoming president of the international union of soil sciences. The soil conservation technical handbookis a comprehensive collection of know how about soil conservation in new zealand. This chapter may be known and cited as the soil conservation. Bestbet options on soil and water conservation p pathak 1, pk mishra 2, kv rao 3, suhas p wani1 and r sudi1 1international crops research institute for the semi arid tropics icrisat patancheru 502 324, andhra pradesh, india 2central soil and water conservation research and training institute cswcrit research center, bellary, karnataka, india. Conservation of natural vegetation in nigeria environmental. Soil erosion has been recognized for a long time as a serious problem in nigeria stamp 1938 which has several environmental and economic impacts. The information in the case study is both factual and fictional.
Soil and water conservation practices and smallholder farmer. It is a complex mixture of i mineral particles formed from rocks, ii humus or ganic material formed from decaying plant remains, iii mineral salts, iv water, v. Agriculture at the national open university of nigeria noun by using an approach that treats soil erosion and conservation. Soil conservation in nigeria soil and water conservation. In nigeria, west africa, humaninduced soil degradation is. Environment, policies, strategies, nigeria, oil and gas industry 1. Soil characterization, classification and survey is a revised version of fundamentals of pedology which was published by stirlinghorden publishers nig ltd, ibadan in 1999. The three principles of conservation agriculture disturb the soil as little as possible.
As a result, various organizations promote the use of soil and water conservation practices in the area, but the link between the use of the practices and farmer multiactivity technical efficiency is yet to be shown empirically. Ainslie 1935 reported an account of erosion in nigeria. Overall soil is being lost from land areas 10 to 40 times faster than the rate of soil renewal imperiling future human food security and environmental quality. Political of soil erosion and degradation, and identifies those soils stability and peace are threatened in ssa and nigeria and crop management options that. Soil erosion, small holder farmers, gusau area, soil properties. Glossary of soil and water conservation terms pdf golf course.
Decision makers, scientists, businesses and individual citizens generally accept and understand that air and water pollution can. The change in title of the book is for greater clarity among its target audience as to its content. Physical soil conservation measures physical soil conservation structures are permanent features made of earth, stones or masonry, designed to protect the soil from uncontrolled runoff and erosion and retain water where needed. Assess environmental education needs, and develop skillsbased environmental education curriculaprogrammes based on the assessment. Technical service teams serving your local community as. The district administers a website and an electronic directory of natural resource professionals and resource materials. Nigeria erosion and watershed management project wikipedia. Undertake a baseline study to determine the behaviours and attitudes of the population both the local and the displaced communities with regard to the environment and the use of natural resources. Environmental pollution, types, causes, impact and management. Assessment of past and present initiatives soil degradation is one of the most critical environmental problems in. Thus, soil and water conservation practices are becoming increasingly important in the arid and semiarid. Fundamental concepts scoop on soil educational cd may 2006 nrcs helping people help the land it is the interaction of these soil forming factors in various combinations that gives us the great variety of soils we see today.
The soil and water conservation society swcs is a nonprofit scientific and educational organization that serves as an advocate for natural resource professionals and for sciencebased conservation policy. Land degradation soil degradation is the decline in soil quality caused by its improper use, usually for agricultural, pastoral, industrial or urban purposes. Soil physical conditions in nigerian savannas and biomass. Status and challenges of soil management in nigeria provision of. This is literally a major defense for mud, since it is the anaerobic and chemically reducing conditions in the substrate, in conjunction with various microbes, that ensure the gaseous release of the nitrogen and sulfur. It is precisely in this connection that the report soil conservation in nigeria. Conservation and use of natural resources biology notes 25. It encompasses physical soil erosion, chemical salinity and alkalinity, pollution and biological. Soil resources degradation and conservation techniques adopted.
Earth s body of soil, called the pedosphere, has four important functions. Effect of hedgerow species in alley cropping systems on. To name a few, anambra, imo, akwa ibom and others in southern side are badly affected leading to gully erosion and loss of land area there is need for the government to address this through organized tree planting and controlling erosion through sound engineering. This paper deals with the present statusstate of nigerias soil and the challenges of soil. Meanwhile, soil erosion was becoming recognized as a serious problem in many countries.
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